SUICIDE AND FIREARMS
Catherine Mendoza
The World Health Organization (WHO) defines suicide as self-directed violence.
According to the WHO over 1 million people commit suicide everyday.
Suicide rates are rising across the U.S.
Gun suicide rank second in teen method of suicide cases.
According to the WHO over 1 million people commit suicide everyday.
Suicide rates are rising across the U.S.
Gun suicide rank second in teen method of suicide cases.
WHY PEOPLE COMMIT SUICIDE?
Suicide accounts for more than two-third of firearms deaths in the United States. The fact that suicide rates are rising across the U.S. does not make suicide a new phenomenon. Despite this, it is often difficult to understand why some people cannot overcome disappointments and sorrow without suicidal thoughts..
Why does a good cry not release stress?
Why does a person not recognize the good in their lives?
Why there is no hope for the future?
It is especially hard if you were once in their place and overcame the urges to commit suicide. Suicidal thoughts are often diagnosed and categorized as a part of a larger set of behaviors such as "depression," "psychosis," or "manipulative behavior." While this diagnosis is a reasonable assumption for biological abnormalities, the absence of an indisputable medical diagnosis sidesteps the cause of suicide ideation. For a suicidal person, suicidal thoughts are an effective method of eliminating pain.
Symptoms:
Mild depression is a mental state that happens at least once in most peoples lives and is often associated with situational sadness (divorce, death, lost of job). Short term depression usually last two weeks. However, some people may experience multiple episodes. A person with severe depression or clinical depression will exhibit any of the following symptoms:
Suicide is Rarely Caused by a Single Factor.
In certain countries suicide is a secretive act.
In 1869 a sociologist by the name of Emile Durkheim researched the rate of suicide in France, England and Denmark. Durkheim argued that though suicide was a solitary act, the urge to commit suicide is linked to several social factors such as the kind of social cohesion found in a society as well a person's social, religious and occupational standing.
Suicide accounts for more than two-third of firearms deaths in the United States. The fact that suicide rates are rising across the U.S. does not make suicide a new phenomenon. Despite this, it is often difficult to understand why some people cannot overcome disappointments and sorrow without suicidal thoughts..
Why does a good cry not release stress?
Why does a person not recognize the good in their lives?
Why there is no hope for the future?
It is especially hard if you were once in their place and overcame the urges to commit suicide. Suicidal thoughts are often diagnosed and categorized as a part of a larger set of behaviors such as "depression," "psychosis," or "manipulative behavior." While this diagnosis is a reasonable assumption for biological abnormalities, the absence of an indisputable medical diagnosis sidesteps the cause of suicide ideation. For a suicidal person, suicidal thoughts are an effective method of eliminating pain.
Symptoms:
Mild depression is a mental state that happens at least once in most peoples lives and is often associated with situational sadness (divorce, death, lost of job). Short term depression usually last two weeks. However, some people may experience multiple episodes. A person with severe depression or clinical depression will exhibit any of the following symptoms:
- Angry outbursts, irritability or frustration, over small matters
- Feelings of sadness, tearfulness, emptiness or hopelessness
- Slowed thinking, speaking or body movements
- Feelings of worthlessness or guilt, fixating on past failures or self-blame
- Trouble thinking, concentrating, making decisions and remembering things
- Frequent or recurrent thoughts of death, suicidal thoughts, suicide attempts or suicide
- Unexplained physical problems, such as back pain or headaches
- Sleep disturbances, including insomnia or sleeping too much
- Tiredness and lack of energy, so even small tasks take extra effort
- Loss of interest or pleasure in most or all normal activities, such as hobbies or sport
- Reduced appetite and weight loss or increased cravings for food and weight gain
- Anxiety, agitation or restlessness
Suicide is Rarely Caused by a Single Factor.
In certain countries suicide is a secretive act.
- Suicide is stigmatized and condemned for religious or cultural reasons.
- Suicidal behavior is a criminal offence punishable by law.
- Suicide is misclassified or deliberately hiding in official records of death.
In 1869 a sociologist by the name of Emile Durkheim researched the rate of suicide in France, England and Denmark. Durkheim argued that though suicide was a solitary act, the urge to commit suicide is linked to several social factors such as the kind of social cohesion found in a society as well a person's social, religious and occupational standing.
- Durkheim focus was not on the individual characteristics of those who committed suicide.
- He connected suicide to the group and social life of the individual.
- Durkheim developed a theory to explain how someone individual behavior can be understood within a social context.
- His theory predicts suicide patterns.
- Integration - acceptance is important for the mental health a the person
- Religion - Person with no religious affiliation and protestants have high rates of suicide
- Marriage - unmarried people have high rates of suicide
- Military - soldiers have higher rates of suicide
- Time of Peace and War - during times of peace there is higher rates of suicide
- Economy - economic instability produce high rates of suicide
- Wealth - the wealthy have a higher rate of suicide
- Sex - males have higher rates of suicide
- Race - white have higher rates of suicide
"Suicide is a leading cause of death for Americans – and it’s a tragedy for families and communities across the country, " said CDC : Principal Deputy Director Anne Schuchat, M.D.
2018 CDC Report
- 45,000 people died by suicide in 2018.
- Suicide is the 10th leading cause of death in the US.
- Idaho, Montana, Kansas, Oklahoma, Minnesota, and North and South Dakota had the greatest increases: 38 to 58 percent.
- The CDC report comes after two high-profile deaths fashion designer Kate Spade and chef Anthony Bourdain
- According to the data Nevada is the only state with a one percent decrease.
- Nevada Coalition for Suicide Prevention work is responsible lowering the rate of suicide in Nevada.
- According to the Nevada DHHS statistics, firearms are responsible for 57 percent of suicides.
- Suicides by firearms have decreased in the state, from 54 percent in 2014 to 51 percent in 2016.
Research done by the CDC, DOHMHM, and EVERYTOWN FOR GUN AND SAFETY indicates that suicide rates are rising in America. Suicide mortality varies across age, sex, race, and geography. What is especially worrying is that the reported ages of suicide are getting younger and younger. Self- inflicted injuries (firearms) are the fourth leading cause of death for 15-44 years old, and the sixth leading cause of ill-health and disability.
|
IMPORTANT ANNOUNCEMENT
If know is having thoughts of killing themselves and have access to a firearm. PLEASE Call the hotline in your state it is free and confidential 24/7 If you are having thoughts of suicide PLEASE Call the hotline in your state it is free and confidential 24/7 SEEK ADVICE AND HELP YOUR LIFE IS IRREPLACEABLE go to link for more info on - suicidepreventionlifeline.org |
SEEK ADVICE AND HELP
YOUR LIFE IS IRREPLACEABLE |
GUNS vs FIREARMS
Americans have a unusual attraction to firearms.
***There is a fundamental difference between a gun and a firearm.
Fact: all guns are firearms but not all firearms are guns.
Most US states laws define firearms as a device which utilizes an explosive charge (gunpowder) to fire a projectile. Air rifles and pistols, are called BB guns or pellet guns, but are not called "firearms," since they use compressed air or CO2, not gunpowder to propel the projectile.
Gun is a broad term that is applied even to toys, which look like firearms, they are not.
*** All guns and firearms are deadly and dangerous when in the wrong hands.
***There is a fundamental difference between a gun and a firearm.
Fact: all guns are firearms but not all firearms are guns.
Most US states laws define firearms as a device which utilizes an explosive charge (gunpowder) to fire a projectile. Air rifles and pistols, are called BB guns or pellet guns, but are not called "firearms," since they use compressed air or CO2, not gunpowder to propel the projectile.
Gun is a broad term that is applied even to toys, which look like firearms, they are not.
*** All guns and firearms are deadly and dangerous when in the wrong hands.
The Second Amendment jurisprudence gives an individual protection for gun ownership.
- In homes with firearms, 86 percent of the suicides used the firearms. In the homes without firearms, only 6 percent of the suicides used a firearm. - David Hemenway.
- Gun control measures proposed by politicians to cut homicides and mass shooting are limited and will not decrease gun suicide. Banning assault weapons or cutting the number of bullets would only have a ripple effect on gun suicide rates. Measures to prevent firearms homicides would decrease firearm suicides, for it is designed to identify, and help people with mental health needs. Mental illness is associated with mass shootings, and is a risk factor for suicide.
Gun suicide deaths account for over 60% of gun homicides.
Those who survived shared that it took about five minutes to retrieve the gun, load, and pull the trigger. Public health researchers view guns the most deadly of all method of suicide. Firearms are lethal because 86% of all attempts are successful. Firearms do not lead to suicide. However, it is an effective method often used by teenagers. Firearms suicide rank second in teen method of suicide cases. Studies show that suicide attempts occur within five to ten minutes after someone decides to kill themselves. Access to firearms makes the urge more immediate.
Presently, there is adequate professional assistance for personal, family, or work problem. Nevertheless, those in need of help often hesitate fearing their problem is so large that nothing could help. While there are others who are uncertain as to whether or not their concern is too small for them to seek help. Untreated chronic depression interferes with daily activities.
KNOWING WHEN TO SEEK HELP
Seek help when these symptoms persist
1. When old coping methods aren't working.
2 .When sadness outweighs happiness.
3. When a crisis or unexpected loss occurs.
4. When you sabotage yourself.
5. When a negative pattern unfolds
6. When symptoms of depression develop.
It is time to reach out for assistance?
1. Seek professional help.
2. Choose the right therapist
3. Focus on the problems/issues.
4. Focus on feeling understood
5. Clear all privacy policies.
6. Have plan of action.
KNOWING WHEN TO SEEK HELP
Seek help when these symptoms persist
1. When old coping methods aren't working.
2 .When sadness outweighs happiness.
3. When a crisis or unexpected loss occurs.
4. When you sabotage yourself.
5. When a negative pattern unfolds
6. When symptoms of depression develop.
It is time to reach out for assistance?
1. Seek professional help.
2. Choose the right therapist
3. Focus on the problems/issues.
4. Focus on feeling understood
5. Clear all privacy policies.
6. Have plan of action.
If gun suicide is a public health problem we need a global prevention plan.
There are those that believe that gun suicide is hard to prevent not because it is a secretive act but because of the frequent risk factors. However, WHO believes that gun suicide is preventable. Prevention strategies means involving the entire community and establishing a culture of gun safety.
Prevention strategies
Police officers
There are those that believe that gun suicide is hard to prevent not because it is a secretive act but because of the frequent risk factors. However, WHO believes that gun suicide is preventable. Prevention strategies means involving the entire community and establishing a culture of gun safety.
Prevention strategies
- Restriction of access to firearms
- Responsible media coverage - data shows that one suicide can have a snowball effect - eliminating copycat attempts.
- General public education - mental health programs and gun safety.
- Identification methods - mental health screening
- Screening - prospective gun owners
- Gatekeeper training - teach lay and professional
- Primary care physician education - knowing the warning signs and asking the right questions.
Police officers
- Police officers are first responders to any crisis.
- Police officers are also included in crisis intervention training in handling and prevention of suicide.
- Part of the crisis intervention training for police officers includes dealing with a suicidal person.
- Didactic material is presented on depression and suicide.
Soldiers have higher rates of suicide.
- Durkheim findings revealed that soldiers have higher rates of suicide.
- The minimum age to join the army is seventeen.
- Though the military have medical and psychological screening, access to mental health care, job security, and an in-place support network suicide rate among 17-29 year old is higher than civilians. In 2006, the Israeli Defense Forces stopped soldiers from taking their firearms home. This simple act reduced the suicide rates by 40%.
Cure Violence
Cure Violence is the Health model for controlling and reducing violence within our communities. The Cure Violence Model is based on the World Health Organization (WHO) methods used to stop the transmission of deadly diseases. Cure Violence was founded by Gary Slutkin, M.D. The steps include
1) interrupting transmission of the disease,
2) reducing the risk of the highest risk,
3) changing community norms.
Cure Violence has succeeded in reducing gun suicide violence. The Cure Violence method is used by the Department of health and other organizations like Brownsville in Violence Out and CAMBA Violence Prevention.
Cure Violence is the Health model for controlling and reducing violence within our communities. The Cure Violence Model is based on the World Health Organization (WHO) methods used to stop the transmission of deadly diseases. Cure Violence was founded by Gary Slutkin, M.D. The steps include
1) interrupting transmission of the disease,
2) reducing the risk of the highest risk,
3) changing community norms.
Cure Violence has succeeded in reducing gun suicide violence. The Cure Violence method is used by the Department of health and other organizations like Brownsville in Violence Out and CAMBA Violence Prevention.
Sensible gun laws reduce easy access to firearms.
Establishing a culture of gun safety reduces firearm access to youth and individuals. Especially those at risk of harming themselves or others. Holding the gun industry accountable would control the marketing and sales of guns and ammunition. Implementing mandatory training and licensing for owners as well as requiring safe and secure gun storage laws.
Establishing a culture of gun safety reduces firearm access to youth and individuals. Especially those at risk of harming themselves or others. Holding the gun industry accountable would control the marketing and sales of guns and ammunition. Implementing mandatory training and licensing for owners as well as requiring safe and secure gun storage laws.
IMPORTANT ANNOUNCEMENT
If know is having thoughts of killing themselves and have access to a firearm.
PLEASE Call the hotline in your state it is free and confidential 24/7
If you are having thoughts of suicide
PLEASE Call the hotline in your state it is free and confidential 24/7
SEEK ADVICE AND HELP
YOUR LIFE IS IRREPLACEABLE
go to link for more info on - suicidepreventionlifeline.org
Call - 311
Or
1800-273-8255
Text HOME to 741741 in US
If know is having thoughts of killing themselves and have access to a firearm.
PLEASE Call the hotline in your state it is free and confidential 24/7
If you are having thoughts of suicide
PLEASE Call the hotline in your state it is free and confidential 24/7
SEEK ADVICE AND HELP
YOUR LIFE IS IRREPLACEABLE
go to link for more info on - suicidepreventionlifeline.org
Call - 311
Or
1800-273-8255
Text HOME to 741741 in US
Personal Testimony
This is my personal testimony but I would love to add other people testimonies. I would like this to be link by itself.
One Monday during recess Ann calming revealed the most shocking secret I had ever heard.
Hey, thank you for coming by Saturday night.” Ann leaned in and touched my right shoulder. “You saved my life.”
“ I was told that you were looking for me,” I shrugged.
“ You came at the right time.”
I ignored her, kept my eyes on my lunch.
“ I was contemplating killing myself, when you knocked on the door.”
My heart raced; I looked up but she looked away.
“I am tired of my mom's nagging.” she stood up and walked away.
Cannot remember the words which were followed. Do not recollect ever revisiting the conversation or relating the confession to an adult, family member or teacher. Reflecting on the past, I recall thanking God for using me. We lost touch with each other. Nevertheless, she grew up to be a wonderful mother and wife.
At fourteen, I knew that suicide was wrong. I was wrong I also knew that my friend was depress and talked of running away from home. Yet, I was not familiar with suicide prevention methods. My school and adults solution was not forthcoming. I barely knew CPR and nothing of Mental Health First Aid or suicide prevention. I was totally unprepared. Being a teenager is beautiful, yet complicated. Relationships are skewed. Responsibilities increase. Emotions are often ungovernable. Fitting in is dangerous and difficult. Many of my teenage friends voiced suicidal thoughts. None died, though a few did attempt suicide.
This is my personal testimony but I would love to add other people testimonies. I would like this to be link by itself.
One Monday during recess Ann calming revealed the most shocking secret I had ever heard.
Hey, thank you for coming by Saturday night.” Ann leaned in and touched my right shoulder. “You saved my life.”
“ I was told that you were looking for me,” I shrugged.
“ You came at the right time.”
I ignored her, kept my eyes on my lunch.
“ I was contemplating killing myself, when you knocked on the door.”
My heart raced; I looked up but she looked away.
“I am tired of my mom's nagging.” she stood up and walked away.
Cannot remember the words which were followed. Do not recollect ever revisiting the conversation or relating the confession to an adult, family member or teacher. Reflecting on the past, I recall thanking God for using me. We lost touch with each other. Nevertheless, she grew up to be a wonderful mother and wife.
At fourteen, I knew that suicide was wrong. I was wrong I also knew that my friend was depress and talked of running away from home. Yet, I was not familiar with suicide prevention methods. My school and adults solution was not forthcoming. I barely knew CPR and nothing of Mental Health First Aid or suicide prevention. I was totally unprepared. Being a teenager is beautiful, yet complicated. Relationships are skewed. Responsibilities increase. Emotions are often ungovernable. Fitting in is dangerous and difficult. Many of my teenage friends voiced suicidal thoughts. None died, though a few did attempt suicide.
Focus group and survey
I conducted two focus groups with 8 teenager (Family members and friends 15 to 19 yrs). I asked the following Questions
- What would you do if you were told of a contagious condition that is silently erasing your neighborhood and mind?
- How to break the cycle of violence lying beneath the urge to commit suicide?
- When your brain needs a break what do you do?
- If suicide is not the answer what is ?
ANSWERS
What would you do if you were told of a contagious condition that is silently erasing your neighborhood and mind?
What would you do if you were told of a contagious condition that is silently erasing your neighborhood and mind?
- (11 answers) - I would be worried
- (5 answers) - I would not take it seriously
- Why not? It is already taking place. It is called gentrification.
- (8 answers) Education and resources for youths
- (10 answers) Listen, really listen with your heart not just your ears.
- (10 answers) - Sports,
- (5 answers) - Read,
- (12 answers) - Listen to music,
- (8 answers) - Sleep,
- (4 answers) - Write poems or songs,
- (14 answers) - Watch television or a movie.
- Acceptance of differences and diversity - all agreed
I also conducted a small survey among friends and family members. (work, school, church, email, phone) spoke with 50 persons.
I kept the sample sizes for both focus groups and survey small because of the target age range. I only needed snap shots of the teenagers views and insights on suicide.
WORK CITED
1- http://www.who.int/violence_injury_prevention
2. https://www.thetrace.org/2015/11/gun-suicides-mental-illness-statistics/
3. Durkheim, E. (2013). Suicide. Place of publication not identified: Www Snowball publishing Co.
4.https://everytownresearch.org/reports/disrupting-access/?source=ETno_SPM17&utm_source=ET_n_&utm_medium=_o&utm_campaign=SPM17
5. Gun Laws | City of New York - NYC.govhttps://www1.nyc.gov/nyc-resources/service/3424/gun-lawsMiller M, Azrael D, Barber C. Suicide mortality in the United States: The importance of attending to method in understanding population-level disparities in the burden of suicide. Annual Review of Public Health. 2012; 33: 393-408
6. Carolyn A Reimann, Edward L Mazuchowski; Suicide Rates Among Active Duty Service Members Compared with Civilian Counterparts, 2005–2014 , Military Medicine, Volume 183, Issue suppl_1, 1 March 2018, Pages 396–402, https://doi.org/10.1093/milmed/usx209
7. 10 Essential Facts About Guns and Suicide - The Trace - https://www.thetrace.org/2016/09/10-facts-guns-suicide-prevention-month
accessed/10/12/18
8. WHO mortality database. http:/www.who.int/healthinfo/morttables/en/
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Cash, Ralph E.The Education Digest; Ann Arbor Vol. 69, Iss. 3, (Nov 2003): 35-42.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. National Centers for Injury Prevention and Control, Web-based Injury Statistics Query and Reporting System (WISQARS).
C, D. C. (June 20, 2017). The “True Man” and His Gun: On the Masculine Mystique of Second Amendment Jurisprudence.
Carolyn A Reimann, Edward L Mazuchowski; Suicide Rates Among Active Duty Service Members Compared with Civilian Counterparts, 2005–2014 , Military Medicine, Volume 183, Issue suppl_1, 1 March 2018, Pages 396–402, https://doi.org/10.1093/milmed/usx209
Clarke, Ronald V, and David Lester. Suicide: Closing the Exits. , 2017. Internet resource. Accessed 10/12/18
Cooke G. Training Police Officers To Handle Suicidal Persons. Journal Of Forensic Sciences
Volume:24 Issue:1 Dated:(January 1979) Pages:227-233:1 Dated:(JANUARY 1979) Pages:227-233. http://www.ncjrs.gov/App/publications/abstract.aspx?ID=54302 Accessed 10/12/18
Cure Violence - http://cureviolence.org/understand-violence/ accessed 10/12/18
Dash.J; Reiser, M. Suicide Among Police In Urban Law Enforcement Agencies. Journal Of
Police Science And Administration Volume:6 Issue:1 Dated:(March 1978) Pages:18-21
http://www.ncjrs.gov/App/publications/abstract.aspx?ID=46455 Accessed 10/12/18
Durkheim, E. (2013). Suicide. Place of publication not identified: Www Snowball publishing Co.
Ehrlich, I., & Saito, T. (2010). Taxing Guns vs. Taxing Crime: An Application of the 'Market for Offenses Model'. Cambridge, Mass: National Bureau of Economic Research
Everytown for Gun Safety https://everytownresearch.org/reports/disrupting-access/?source=ETno_SPM17&utm_source=ET_n_&utm_medium=_o&utm_campaign=SPM17Gibbs, J. P. (1968). Suicide. New York: Harper & Row.
Gun Laws | City of New York - NYC.govhttps://www1.nyc.gov/nyc-resources/service/3424/gun-lawsMiller M, Azrael D, Barber C. Suicide mortality in the United States: The importance of attending to method in understanding population-level disparities in the burden of suicide. Annual Review of Public Health. 2012; 33: 393-408
Harre, Rom. “Some Reflections on the Concept of ‘Social Representation.” Social Research,
Vol.51, no. 4, 1984, pp. 927-938. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/40970971.
Institute of Medicine (US) Committee on Pathophysiology and Prevention of Adolescent and Adult Suicide. Suicide Prevention and Intervention: Summary of a Workshop. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US); 2001. FIREARM AVAILABILITY AND SUICIDE. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK223849/Von, B. J., Hauser, D., Nelsen, T., & In Peterson, C. (2014). Firearms for personal protection: Armed defense for the new gun owner.
Many Reasons Why we Shouldn't Worry That '13 Reasons Why’ is leading teen to suicide.-https://www.nydailynews.com/opinion/evidence-suggests-13-reasons-isn-teen-suicide-threat-article-1.3938958. Accessed 10/12/18
Picard-Fritsche, Sarah, and Lenore Cerniglia. Testing a Public Health Approach to Gun
Violence: An Evaluation of Crown Heights Save Our Streets, a Replication of the Cure
Violence Model. New York, N.Y.: Center for Court Innovation, 2013. Internet resource.
Accessed 10/12/18
Smith. L. L. Crisis intervention Theory and Practice - A Source Book. Marketing Director
United States of America. http;//www.ncjrs.gov/App/publictions/ Abstract. aspx?ID=48410 Accessed 10/12/18
10 Essential Facts About Guns and Suicide - The Trace - https://www.thetrace.org/2016/09/10-facts-guns-suicide-prevention-month
accessed/10/12/18
WHO mortality database. http:/www.who.int/healthinfo/morttables/en/
Wu, K. C., Chen, Y. Y., & Yip, P. S. (January 01, 2012). Suicide methods in Asia: implications in suicide prevention. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 9, 4, 1135-58.
1- http://www.who.int/violence_injury_prevention
2. https://www.thetrace.org/2015/11/gun-suicides-mental-illness-statistics/
3. Durkheim, E. (2013). Suicide. Place of publication not identified: Www Snowball publishing Co.
4.https://everytownresearch.org/reports/disrupting-access/?source=ETno_SPM17&utm_source=ET_n_&utm_medium=_o&utm_campaign=SPM17
5. Gun Laws | City of New York - NYC.govhttps://www1.nyc.gov/nyc-resources/service/3424/gun-lawsMiller M, Azrael D, Barber C. Suicide mortality in the United States: The importance of attending to method in understanding population-level disparities in the burden of suicide. Annual Review of Public Health. 2012; 33: 393-408
6. Carolyn A Reimann, Edward L Mazuchowski; Suicide Rates Among Active Duty Service Members Compared with Civilian Counterparts, 2005–2014 , Military Medicine, Volume 183, Issue suppl_1, 1 March 2018, Pages 396–402, https://doi.org/10.1093/milmed/usx209
7. 10 Essential Facts About Guns and Suicide - The Trace - https://www.thetrace.org/2016/09/10-facts-guns-suicide-prevention-month
accessed/10/12/18
8. WHO mortality database. http:/www.who.int/healthinfo/morttables/en/
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Cash, Ralph E.The Education Digest; Ann Arbor Vol. 69, Iss. 3, (Nov 2003): 35-42.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. National Centers for Injury Prevention and Control, Web-based Injury Statistics Query and Reporting System (WISQARS).
C, D. C. (June 20, 2017). The “True Man” and His Gun: On the Masculine Mystique of Second Amendment Jurisprudence.
Carolyn A Reimann, Edward L Mazuchowski; Suicide Rates Among Active Duty Service Members Compared with Civilian Counterparts, 2005–2014 , Military Medicine, Volume 183, Issue suppl_1, 1 March 2018, Pages 396–402, https://doi.org/10.1093/milmed/usx209
Clarke, Ronald V, and David Lester. Suicide: Closing the Exits. , 2017. Internet resource. Accessed 10/12/18
Cooke G. Training Police Officers To Handle Suicidal Persons. Journal Of Forensic Sciences
Volume:24 Issue:1 Dated:(January 1979) Pages:227-233:1 Dated:(JANUARY 1979) Pages:227-233. http://www.ncjrs.gov/App/publications/abstract.aspx?ID=54302 Accessed 10/12/18
Cure Violence - http://cureviolence.org/understand-violence/ accessed 10/12/18
Dash.J; Reiser, M. Suicide Among Police In Urban Law Enforcement Agencies. Journal Of
Police Science And Administration Volume:6 Issue:1 Dated:(March 1978) Pages:18-21
http://www.ncjrs.gov/App/publications/abstract.aspx?ID=46455 Accessed 10/12/18
Durkheim, E. (2013). Suicide. Place of publication not identified: Www Snowball publishing Co.
Ehrlich, I., & Saito, T. (2010). Taxing Guns vs. Taxing Crime: An Application of the 'Market for Offenses Model'. Cambridge, Mass: National Bureau of Economic Research
Everytown for Gun Safety https://everytownresearch.org/reports/disrupting-access/?source=ETno_SPM17&utm_source=ET_n_&utm_medium=_o&utm_campaign=SPM17Gibbs, J. P. (1968). Suicide. New York: Harper & Row.
Gun Laws | City of New York - NYC.govhttps://www1.nyc.gov/nyc-resources/service/3424/gun-lawsMiller M, Azrael D, Barber C. Suicide mortality in the United States: The importance of attending to method in understanding population-level disparities in the burden of suicide. Annual Review of Public Health. 2012; 33: 393-408
Harre, Rom. “Some Reflections on the Concept of ‘Social Representation.” Social Research,
Vol.51, no. 4, 1984, pp. 927-938. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/40970971.
Institute of Medicine (US) Committee on Pathophysiology and Prevention of Adolescent and Adult Suicide. Suicide Prevention and Intervention: Summary of a Workshop. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US); 2001. FIREARM AVAILABILITY AND SUICIDE. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK223849/Von, B. J., Hauser, D., Nelsen, T., & In Peterson, C. (2014). Firearms for personal protection: Armed defense for the new gun owner.
Many Reasons Why we Shouldn't Worry That '13 Reasons Why’ is leading teen to suicide.-https://www.nydailynews.com/opinion/evidence-suggests-13-reasons-isn-teen-suicide-threat-article-1.3938958. Accessed 10/12/18
Picard-Fritsche, Sarah, and Lenore Cerniglia. Testing a Public Health Approach to Gun
Violence: An Evaluation of Crown Heights Save Our Streets, a Replication of the Cure
Violence Model. New York, N.Y.: Center for Court Innovation, 2013. Internet resource.
Accessed 10/12/18
Smith. L. L. Crisis intervention Theory and Practice - A Source Book. Marketing Director
United States of America. http;//www.ncjrs.gov/App/publictions/ Abstract. aspx?ID=48410 Accessed 10/12/18
10 Essential Facts About Guns and Suicide - The Trace - https://www.thetrace.org/2016/09/10-facts-guns-suicide-prevention-month
accessed/10/12/18
WHO mortality database. http:/www.who.int/healthinfo/morttables/en/
Wu, K. C., Chen, Y. Y., & Yip, P. S. (January 01, 2012). Suicide methods in Asia: implications in suicide prevention. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 9, 4, 1135-58.
